Optical fiber and optical cable

ABSTRACT

Provided is an optical fiber that has a small bending loss, can be securely prevented from being fractured due to accidental bending during installation or other operations, and is compliant with the G. 652 standard. An optical fiber  1  includes a core  11 , a first cladding  12 , a second cladding  13 , and a third cladding  14 . The relative refractive index difference Δ 1  of the core  11  is in the range of 0.3% to 0.38%, the relative refractive index difference Δ 2  of the first cladding  12  is equal to or smaller than 0%, and the relative refractive index difference Δ 3  of the second cladding  13  is in the range of −1.8% to −0.5%. The inner radius r 2  and the outer radius r 3  of the second cladding  13  satisfy the expression “0.4r 2 +10.5&lt;r 3 &lt;0.2r 2 +16”, and the inner radius r 2  of the second cladding  13  is equal to or greater than 8 μm. The bending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm is smaller than 0.1 dB/turn, and the bending loss at a wavelength of 1625 nm and at a radius of curvature of 4 mm is greater than 0.1 dB/turn.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. §371 ofInternational Application No. PCT/JP2009/052982, filed on Feb. 20, 2009,which in turn claims the benefit of Japanese Application No.2008-041821, filed on Feb. 22, 2008, the disclosures of whichApplications are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an optical fiber compliant with the G.652 standard, and an optical cable including the optical fiber.

BACKGROUND ART

The standard for single-mode optical fibers, which are most widely usedfor optical transmission systems, has been laid down by InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) as the G. 652 standard. The G. 652standard defines conditions that have to be satisfied by the single-modeoptical fibers, including respective ranges of the mode field diameterat a wavelength of 1310 nm, the cable cut-off wavelength, the zerodispersion wavelength, and the dispersion slope at the zero dispersionwavelength.

For optical transmission systems such as FTTH (fiber to the home), inwhich optical fibers are laid down to individual homes, and FTTC (fiberto the curb), in which optical fibers are laid down to curbs or utilitypoles, excess lengths of optical fibers have to be handled properly. Toproperly handle an excess length of an optical fiber, the excess lengthportion is wound and stored in a storage box. At this time, if theoptical fiber has a small bending loss, the optical fiber can be woundwith a small diameter, so that a small storage box can be used.Therefore, it is desirable that an optical fiber have a small bendingloss. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-140510discloses an optical fiber that is compliant with the G. 652 standardand capable of considerably reducing the bending loss. However, thisoptical fiber is not prevented from being fractured when the opticalfiber is accidentally bent during installation or other operations.

-   Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application    Publication No. 2007-140510

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

An object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber thatcomplies with the G. 652 standard, has a small bending loss at a signallight wavelength, and is prevented from being fractured when the opticalfiber is accidentally bent during installation or other operations.Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical cableincluding the optical fiber.

Means for Solving the Problems

To solve the problem, provided is an optical fiber including a corehaving a refractive index n₁, a first cladding surrounding the core andhaving a refractive index n₂ smaller than the refractive index n₁, asecond cladding surrounding the first cladding and having a refractiveindex n₃ smaller than the refractive index n₂, and a third claddingsurrounding the second cladding and having a refractive index n₄ greaterthan the refractive index n₃. For the optical fiber, with respect to therefractive index n₄ of the third cladding, the relative refractive indexdifference of the core is in the range of 0.3% to 0.38%, the relativerefractive index difference of the first cladding is in the range of−0.3% to 0.2%, and the relative refractive index difference of thesecond cladding is in the range of −1.8% to −0.5%. The inner radius r₂of the second cladding and the outer radius r₃ of the second claddingsatisfy the expression,0.4r ₂+10.5<r ₃<0.2r ₂+16,and the inner radius r₂ of the second cladding is equal to or greaterthan 8 μm. Moreover, the bending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm and ata radius of curvature of 7.5 mm is smaller than 0.1 dB/turn, and thebending loss at a wavelength of 1625 nm and at a radius of curvature of4 mm is greater than 0.1 dB/turn.

The radius r₁ of the core and the outer radius r₂ of the first claddingmay satisfy the expression,

${\frac{r_{2}}{r_{1}} > {{- \frac{1}{3.3}} \times {\ln\left( \frac{0.1}{310 \times C_{OH}} \right)}}},$and the transmission loss at a wavelength of 1380 nm may be smaller than0.38 dB/km. Moreover, the mode field diameter at a wavelength of 1310 nmmay be in the range of 8.6 μm to 9.2 μm, and the mode field diameter ata wavelength of 1550 nm may be in the range of 9.6 μm to 10.5 μm.Furthermore, a carbon coated layer may be disposed on a surface of aglass portion of the optical fiber.

According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided are anoptical cable including the optical fiber according to the presentinvention, a sheath disposed around the optical fiber, and Kevlardisposed between the optical fiber and the sheath; and an optical cableincluding the optical fiber according to the present invention, and asheath disposed around the optical fiber, but not including Kevlar, andhaving an outer diameter smaller than 3 mm. It is preferable that lossincreases of these optical cables be smaller than 0.1 dB/km at awavelength of 1550 nm and at a temperature of −30° C.

Moreover, provided are an optical cable including the optical fiberaccording to the present invention, a tension member disposed parallelto the optical fiber, and a sheath covering the optical fiber and thetension member, wherein a groove is formed along the optical fiber in asurface of the sheath; and an optical cable including the optical fiberaccording to the present invention, and a sheath covering the opticalfiber, wherein the optical cable does not include a tension member, anda groove is formed along the optical fiber in a surface of the sheath.Provided is an optical cable including a plurality of the optical fibersaccording to the present invention, wherein the plurality of opticalfibers are arranged in parallel and integrally covered with resin, and aloss increase during a mid-span access for wire splitting operation issmaller than 0.5 dB/km/s at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Provided is anoptical cable including the optical fiber or a plurality of the opticalfibers according to the present invention, and a sheath covering theoptical fiber or the plurality of optical fibers that is/are helicallycoiled, wherein the radius of curvature of the optical fiber or each ofthe plurality of optical fibers is equal to or smaller than 7.5 mm.

Furthermore, provided are an optical module storing the optical fiberaccording to the present invention, and an optical transmission systemthat transmits signal light using the optical cable according to thepresent invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an optical fiber according to an embodiment of thepresent invention, wherein section (a) is a sectional view of theoptical fiber taken along a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis, andsection (b) is a conceptual diagram showing the refractive index profileof the optical fiber.

FIG. 2 is a table of attributes of optical fibers A to D, which areembodiments of the present invention, and attributes of optical fibers Eto J, which are comparative examples.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relationship between the relative refractiveindex difference of a second cladding and the bending loss at awavelength of 1550 nm.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing a region in which the G. 652 standard issatisfied and the bending loss is smaller than 0.1 dB/turn at awavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm, regardingthe inner radius r₂ and the outer radius r₃ of the second cladding.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relationship between the relative refractiveindex difference of the second cladding and the bending loss at awavelength of 1625 nm.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing a relationship between the radius of curvatureand the fracture probability Fs.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing a relationship between the ratio (r₂/r₁) andthe loss increase due to OH at a wavelength of 1380 nm.

FIG. 8 is a histogram of the fusion splicing loss when the opticalfibers A and J are fusion spliced to standard SMFs.

FIG. 9 is a sectional view of an optical cable of a loose cable typeaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a sectional view of an optical cable of a tight-jacketed typeaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of an optical cable of a drop optical cabletype according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of an optical cable of a drop optical cabletype according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a sectional view of an optical cable of a ribbon fiber typeaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram showing how fibers of the optical cableshown in FIG. 13 are split.

In FIG. 15, section (a) is a conceptual diagram of an optical cableaccording to an embodiment of the present invention, the cable having ahelical protective structure, and section (b) is a conceptual diagram ofthe optical cable from which a sheath has been removed.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an optical cable (optical curled cord)according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an optical cable (optical curled cord)according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a conceptual diagram of an optical module according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is a conceptual diagram of an optical transmission systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention are described withreference to the drawings. The drawings, which are provided forexplanative purposes only, do not limit the scope of the invention. Inthe drawings, the same numerals represent the same parts so as to avoidredundant description. In the drawings, proportions are not necessarilydrawn to scale.

FIG. 1 illustrates an optical fiber 1 according to an embodiment of thepresent invention, wherein section (a) is a sectional view of theoptical fiber 1 taken along a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis, andsection (b) is a conceptual diagram showing the refractive index profileof the optical fiber 1. The optical fiber includes, as its glassportion, a core 11, a first cladding 12, a second cladding 13, and athird cladding 14. A carbon coated layer 15 is disposed on a surface ofthe glass portion. A primary resin layer 16 and a secondary resin layer17 are disposed around the carbon coated layer in this order. FIG. 1shows a refractive index profile having a simple structure, in whicheach section of the optical fiber 1 has a constant refractive index.However, those skilled in the art can readily conceive of similarstructures (for example, a structure in which the refractive index ineach section is inclined or has fluctuations due to a manufacturingmethod).

The core 11 has a radius r₁ and a refractive index n₁. The firstcladding 12, which surrounds the core 11, has an inner radius r₁, anouter radius r₂, and a refractive index n₂ that is smaller than therefractive index n₁. The second cladding 13, which surrounds the firstcladding 12, has an inner radius r₂, an outer radius r₃, and arefractive index n₃ that is smaller than the refractive index n₂. Thethird cladding 14, which surrounds the second cladding 13, has an innerradius r₃ and a refractive index n₄ that is greater than the refractiveindex n₃. For the optical fiber 1, the values of the radii r₁, r₂, r₃,etc., are determined by positions at which the refractive indexmaximally changes. However, for an embodiment of an optical fiber havinga gently sloped profile, the values of the radii may be determined asthose of an optically equivalent step-like profile.

In this description, the relative refractive index difference Δ of aportion having a refractive index n is expressed relative to therefractive index n₄ of the third cladding 14 as

$\Delta = {\frac{n - n_{4}}{n_{4}}.}$For the optical fiber 1, the relative refractive index difference Δ₁ ofthe core 11 is in the range of 0.3% to 0.38%, the relative refractiveindex difference Δ₂ of the first cladding 12 is in the range of −0.3% to0.2%, and the relative refractive index difference Δ₃ of the secondcladding 13 is in the range of −1.8% to −0.5%.

For the optical fiber 1, the inner radius r₂ and the outer radius r₃ ofthe second cladding 13 satisfy the expression,0.4r ₂+10.5<r ₃<0.2r ₂+16,wherein the inner radius r₂ of the second cladding 13 is equal to orgreater than 8 μm. Moreover, for the optical fiber 1, the bending lossat a wavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm issmaller than 0.1 dB/turn; and the bending loss at a wavelength of 1625nm, which is the wavelength of monitor light of an optical transmissionsystem, and at a radius of curvature of 4 mm is greater than 0.1dB/turn.

There are three methods of making the second cladding 13, the methodincluding: a first method, in which a core rod including the a core anda first cladding is deposited by the outside vapor deposition (OVD)method and sintered in an atmosphere of SiF₄; a second method, in whichSiO₂ particles to which fluorine has been doped are directly sprayedonto a core rod by outside plasma vapor deposition; and a third method,in which a rod-in-tube process is performed using a glass pipe to whichfluorine has been doped with a predetermined concentration. In general,according to the first method, the obtained fluorine-doped SiO₂ has alow OH concentration, but the relative refractive index difference Δ₃ isattainable only in a range of equal to or greater than −0.75%. On theother hand, according to the second method, the relative refractiveindex difference Δ₃ can be attainable in a range of equal to or greaterthan −2%.

If the carbon coated layer 15 is not disposed on a surface of the glassportion, the static fatigue coefficient n is in the range of 20 to 25.By disposing the carbon coated layer 15 on a surface of the glassportion, the static fatigue coefficient n can be made greater than 30.Thus, even when the radius of curvature is small, long term reliabilityis secured.

The primary resin layer 16 and the secondary resin layer 17 are asdescribed below. It is preferable that the primary resin layer 16 have aYoung's modulus smaller than 1.1 MPa and the secondary resin layer 17have a Young's modulus greater than 600 MPa. Thus, microbendingcharacteristics superior to those of standard SMFs (Single-Mode Fibers)can be attained, and a loss increase, which temporarily occurs duringinstallation, can be significantly suppressed.

FIG. 2 is a table of attributes of optical fibers A to D, which areembodiments of the present invention, and attributes of optical fibers Eto J, which are comparative examples. The table shows, from left toright, the radius r₁ of the core 11, the outer radius r₂ of the firstcladding 12, the outer radius r₃ of the second cladding 13, the relativerefractive index difference Δ₁ of the core 11, the relative refractiveindex difference Δ₂ of the first cladding 12, and the relativerefractive index difference Δ₃ of the second cladding 13. Moreover, thetable shows the bending loss at a wavelength of 1625 nm and at a radiusof curvature of 4 mm, the bending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm and ata radius of curvature of 5 mm, the bending loss at a wavelength of 1550nm and at a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm, the bending loss at awavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius of curvature of 10 mm, the modefield diameter MFD at 1310 nm, the cable cut-off wavelength λcc, thedispersion slope at the zero dispersion wavelength, and the zerodispersion wavelength λ₀.

Each of the optical fibers A to D satisfies the G. 652 standard, and hasa bending loss smaller than 0.1 dB/turn at a wavelength of 1550 nm andat a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm. Each of the optical fibers A to Dhas a bending loss larger than 0.1 dB/turn at a wavelength of 1625 nm,which is the wavelength of monitor light of an optical transmissionsystem, and at a radius of curvature of 4 mm. As described below, byutilizing this property, the optical fiber can be prevented from beingused in a range where reliability decreases. On the other hand, theoptical fiber E to J do not comply with the G. 652 standard, or, havebending losses greater than 0.1 dB/turn at a wavelength of 1550 nm andat a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relationship between the relative refractiveindex difference Δ₃ and the bending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Inthe graph, the radius of curvature is 7.5 mm or 10 mm. As the absolutevalue of the relative refractive index difference Δ₃ becomes greater,the bending loss becomes smaller. When the radius of curvature is 7.5mm, if the relative refractive index difference Δ₃ is equal to orsmaller than −0.5%, the bending loss is smaller than 0.1 dB/turn.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing a region in which the G. 652 standard issatisfied and the bending loss is smaller than 0.1 dB/turn at awavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm, regardingthe inner radius r₂ and the outer radius r₃ of the second cladding 13.In FIG. 4, the cases when the two conditions are satisfied are shown bysolid dots, and the cases when none of the conditions are satisfied areshown by hollow triangles.

In FIG. 4, if “r₃<0.2r₂+16”, the cable cut-off wavelength λcc is equalto or smaller than 1260 nm. If “r₃>0.4r₂+10.5”, the bending loss issmaller than 0.1 dB/turn at a wavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius ofcurvature of 7.5 mm. If the inner radius r₂ of the second cladding 13 isgreater than 8 μm, the zero dispersion wavelength λ₀ is greater than1300 nm. An optical fiber according to the present invention satisfiesthe expression,0.4r₂+10.5<r ₃<0.2r ₂+16,and the inner radius r₂ of the second cladding 13 is equal to or greaterthan 8 μm. Therefore, the optical fiber satisfies the G. 652 standard,and has a small bending loss at a signal light wavelength, in that thebending loss at a wavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius of curvature of7.5 mm is equal to or smaller than 0.1 dB/turn.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relationship between the relative refractiveindex difference Δ₃ and the bending loss at a wavelength of 1625 nm. Inthis case, the radius of curvature is 4 mm. Also for the wavelength of1625 nm, as the absolute value of the relative refractive indexdifference Δ₃ becomes greater, the bending loss becomes smaller.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing a relationship between the radius of curvatureand the fracture probability Fs. The fracture probability Fs is definedby the expression,

$F_{S} = {1 - {\exp\left\{ {{- N_{P}}{L\left( {\frac{m}{n - 2}\frac{k_{s}}{\sigma^{np}t_{pe}}} \right)}} \right\}}}$(see “J. Appl. Phys. 53 (7), 1982”). Here, the used length L is 0.05 m,the static fatigue coefficient n is 23, the m-value m is 3, thescreening strength σ^(np) (2% extension) is 0.02, the screening timet_(pe) is 0.6 seconds, and the fracture frequency N_(p) during screeningis 1/100000 km. As the radius of curvature of an optical fiber becomessmaller, the fracture probability Fs becomes higher.

As can be seen from FIGS. 5 and 6, if the relative refractive indexdifference Δ₃ of an optical fiber is equal to or greater than −1.8% andthe optical fiber is bent with a radius of curvature of 4 mm for whichthe fracture probability Fs per day is as high as 10⁻⁵ times/0.05 m, thebending loss becomes equal to or greater than 0.1 dB/turn at awavelength of 1625 nm. An optical fiber according to the presentinvention has a relative refractive index difference Δ₃ equal to orgreater than −1.8% and a bending loss equal to or greater than 0.1dB/turn at a wavelength of 1625 nm and at a radius of curvature of 4 mm.Therefore, using monitor light of a wavelength of 1625 nm, it ispossible to detect whether or not the optical fiber is bent with aradius of curvature equal to or smaller than 4 mm, at which reliabilitycannot be assured. Thus, it is possible to prevent the optical fiberfrom being fractured when the optical fiber is accidentally bent duringinstallation or other operations.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing a relationship between the ratio (r₂/r₁) andthe loss increase due to OH at a wavelength of 1380 nm. When therelative refractive index difference Δ₁ is 0.35% and the radius of thecore 11 is 4.1 μm, the loss increase Δα at a wavelength of 1380 nm dueto OH (concentration of C_(OH) ppm) in the second cladding 13 is givenby the expression,

$\Delta_{\alpha} = {310 \times C_{OH}{{\exp\left( {{- 3.3} \times \frac{r_{2}}{r_{1}}} \right)}.}}$It is necessary that the loss increase Δα be smaller than 0.1 dB/km sothat the loss at a wavelength of 1380 nm be smaller than 0.38 dB/km. Bymodifying this expression, the range of the ratio (r₂/r₁) that satisfies“Δα<0.1 dB/km” is given by the expression,

$\frac{r_{2}}{r_{1}} > {{- \frac{1}{3.3}} \times {{\ln\left( \frac{0.1}{310 \times C_{OH}} \right)}.}}$

If fluorine concentration in the second cladding 13 is increased so asto decrease the relative refractive index difference Δ₃, the hydrogendurability deteriorates. In general, if a high concentration of fluorineis doped to SiO₂ glass by plasma CVD method so that Δ<−0.8% issatisfied, OH concentration in the glass increases, which causesincrease in the transmission loss. However, by setting the range of theratio (r₂/r₁) as described above, the loss at a wavelength of 1380 nmcan be made smaller than 0.38 dB/km, so that the optical fiber securelycomplies with the G. 652D standard (G. 652 standard+low OHconcentration). It is more preferable that the ratio (r₂/r₁) be set sothat the expression,

$\frac{r_{2}}{r_{1}} > {{- \frac{1}{3.3}} \times {\ln\left( \frac{0.1}{100 \times C_{OH}} \right)}}$is satisfied.

It is preferable that, for the same radius of curvature, the fluctuationof the increase in bending loss along the length of optical fiber 1 beequal to or less than 10%. In this case, since there is a correspondencebetween a bend radius and a bending loss of the optical fiber,accidental bending of a portion of the optical fiber can be readilydetected by monitoring an increase in the bending loss duringinstallation.

FIG. 8 is a histogram of the fusion splicing loss when the opticalfibers A and J are fusion spliced to standard SMFs. The mode fielddiameter of the optical fiber A is 8.9 μm, and the mode field diameterof the optical fiber J is 8.3 μm. The mode field diameter of thestandard SMFs is 9.2 μm. Thus, the fusion splicing loss of the opticalfiber A occurring when the optical fiber A is fusion spliced to astandard SMF is small. For an optical fiber according to the presentinvention, it is preferable that the mode field diameter at a wavelengthof 1310 nm be in the range of 8.6 μm to 9.2 μm, and the mode fielddiameter at a wavelength of 1550 nm be in the range of 9.6 μm to 10.5μm.

Hereinafter, embodiments of optical cables each including the opticalfiber according to the present invention are described. FIG. 9 is asectional view of an optical cable 2A of a loose cable type according toan embodiment of the present invention. The optical cable 2A includesthe optical fiber 1 according to the present invention, a sheath 21disposed around the optical fiber 1, and Kevlar (tension member) 22disposed between the optical fiber 1 and the sheath 21. The opticalcable 2A allows the radius of curvature to be decreased while preventingfracture of the optical fiber 1.

FIG. 10 is a sectional view of an optical cable 2B of a tight jacketedtype according to an embodiment of the present invention. The opticalcable 2B includes the optical fiber 1 according to the present inventionand a sheath 23 covering the optical fiber 1, but does not includeKevlar. The outer diameter of the optical cable is smaller than 3 mm. Byemploying the optical fiber 1, the tight jacketed optical cable 2B canbe made thin, resistant to bending even without using Kevlar, andexcellent in terms of storability. Moreover, notwithstanding the tightjacketed type, the cable 2B can make the loss increase be smaller than0.1 dB/km at a temperature of −30° C. and at a wavelength of 1550 nm.

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of an optical cable 2C of a drop cable typeaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. The optical cable2C includes the optical fiber 1 according to the present invention,tension members 24 disposed parallel to the optical fiber 1, and asheath 25 covering the optical fiber 1 and the tension members 24. Thetwo tension members 24 are disposed with the optical fiber 1therebetween. A polyethylene sheath is disposed around the tensionmember 24. Moreover, grooves are formed in surfaces of the sheath 24 onboth sides of the optical fiber 1. The sheath 24 can be split along thegrooves so that the optical fiber 1 can be readily pulled out. Theoptical cable 2C allows the radius of curvature to be decreased whilepreventing fracture of the optical fiber 1.

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of an optical cable 2D of a drop cable typeaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. The optical cable2D includes the optical fiber 1 according to the present invention and asheath 25 covering the optical fiber, but does not include a tensionmember. Grooves are formed in surfaces of the sheath 25 along theoptical fiber 1. Since the bending loss can be reduced by employing theoptical fiber 1, a tension member is omitted in the optical cable 2D.Since the optical cable 2D does not include a tension member, thecross-sectional area of the sheath 25 can be decreased, whereby thecable can be stored in a small space.

FIG. 13 is a sectional view of an optical cable 2F of a ribbon fibertype according to an embodiment of the present invention. The opticalcable 2F includes a plurality of the optical fibers 1 according to thepresent invention. The plurality of optical fibers 1 are each coveredwith a colored ink layer 26, arranged in parallel, and covered withresin 27. Since the cable employs the optical fiber 1 so that it has alow bending loss, when the fibers formed into a ribbon shape are splitand cut (FIG. 14), the loss increase of optical fibers (live wires),through which signal light is being transmitted, can be suppressed.Thus, during a splitting operation, the loss increase of live wires at awavelength of 1550 nm can be made smaller than 0.5 dB/km/s, so thatinstantaneous interruption of signal light can be prevented. Moreover,it is not necessary to use a split jig so as to reduce the stressapplied to the optical fiber 1 during splitting, so that the opticalfibers can be split by hand.

In FIG. 15, section (a) is a conceptual diagram of an optical cable 2Gaccording to an embodiment of the present invention having a helicalprotective structure 28, and section (b) is a conceptual diagram of theoptical cable 2G from which a sheath has been removed. The optical cable2G includes the optical fiber 1 according to the present invention, andthe helical protective structure 28, which is made of a polyamidesynthetic fiber (nylon) strip, surrounding the optical fiber 1. Byproviding the helical structure 28 around the optical fiber 1, theoptical fiber can be made more resilient to bending exceeding a certaindegree. Thus, the optical fiber is prevented from being bent by a radiusof curvature smaller than the curvature at which the reliabilitydecreases.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an optical cable 2H (also referred toas an optical curled cord) according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. The optical cable 2H includes the optical fiber 1 accordingto the present invention that is helically coiled with a radius ofcurvature equal to or smaller than 7.5 mm, and an optical connector 29connected to an end of the optical fiber 1. Since the optical fiber 1 isemployed, although the optical fiber 1 is helically coiled with a radiusof curvature equal to or smaller than 7.5 mm, the loss increase issmall.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an optical cable 2E (also referred toas an optical curled cord) according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. The optical cable 2E includes a plurality of the opticalfibers 1 according to the present invention, each of which are coiledwith a radius of curvature equal to or smaller than 7.5 mm; a sheath 30covering the plurality of optical fibers 1; and a tension member 31 atthe center thereof. The optical cable 2E allows individual opticalfibers 1 to be pulled out and used.

It is preferable that, as shown in FIG. 18, an optical module 3 beconfigured such that the optical fiber 1 according to the presentinvention is coiled and stored in a case 41. It is preferable that, asshown in FIG. 19, an optical transmission system 4 be configured suchthat one of the optical cables 2A to 2H according to the embodiments isused as an optical transmission path 2 and signal light output from anoptical transmitter 51 is transmitted to an optical receiver 52 throughthe optical transmission path 2. With the module or the system, thebending loss can be reduced at a radius of curvature of equal to orsmaller than 7.5 mmφ while readily preventing fracture of the opticalfiber 1, so that the system can be made small and the operation spacefor wiring can be simplified.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention is applicable to an optical transmission system,such as FTTH and FTTC, so as to store an optical cable with a smalldiameter and prevent fracture of the optical fiber.

1. An optical fiber comprising a core having a refractive index n₁, afirst cladding surrounding the core and having a refractive index n₂smaller than the refractive index n₁, a second cladding surrounding thefirst cladding and having a refractive index n₃ smaller than therefractive index n₂, and a third cladding surrounding the secondcladding and having a refractive index n₄ greater than the refractiveindex n₃, wherein the second cladding consists of SiO₂ containingfluorine, wherein, with respect to the refractive index n₄ of the thirdcladding, the relative refractive index difference of the core is in therange of 0.3% to 0.38%, the relative refractive index difference of thefirst cladding is in the range of −0.3% to 0.2%, and the relativerefractive index difference of the second cladding is in the range of−1.8% to −0.5%, wherein the inner radius r₂ of the second cladding andthe outer radius r₃ of the second cladding satisfy the expression,0.4r ₂+10.5<r ₃<0.2r ₂+16, and the inner radius r₂ of the secondcladding is equal to or greater than 8 μm, and wherein the bending lossat a wavelength of 1550 nm and at a radius of curvature of 7.5 mm issmaller than 0.1 dB/turn, and the bending loss at a wavelength of 1625nm and at a radius of curvature of 4 mm is greater than 0.1 dB/turn, andmode field diameter at a wavelength of 1310 nm is in the range of 8.6 μmto 9.2 μm, cable cut-off wavelenth λcc is equal to or smaller than 1260nm and zero dispersion wavelength λ₀ is greater than 1300 nm.
 2. Theoptical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the radius r₁ of the coreand the outer radius r₂ of the first cladding satisfy the expression,${\frac{r_{2}}{r_{1}} > {{- \frac{1}{3.3}} \times {\ln\left( \frac{0.1}{310 \times C_{OH}} \right)}}},$and the transmission loss at a wavelength of 1380 nm is smaller than0.38 dB/km.
 3. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the modefield diameter at a wavelength of 1550 nm is in the range of 9.6 μm to10.5 μm.
 4. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein a carboncoated layer is disposed on a surface of a glass portion of the opticalfiber.
 5. An optical cable comprising: the optical fiber according toclaim 1; a sheath disposed around the optical fiber; and Kevlar disposedbetween the optical fiber and the sheath.
 6. An optical cablecomprising: the optical fiber according to claim 1; and a sheathcovering the optical fiber, wherein the optical cable does not includeKevlar, and the optical cable has an outer diameter smaller than 3mm. 7.The optical cable according to claim 6, wherein a loss increase issmaller than 0.1 dB/km at a wavelength of 1550 nm and at a temperatureof −30° C.
 8. An optical cable comprising: the optical fiber accordingto claim 1; a tension member disposed parallel to the optical fiber; anda sheath covering the optical fiber and the tension member, wherein agroove is formed along the optical fiber in a surface of the sheath. 9.An optical cable comprising: the optical fiber according to claim 1; anda sheath covering the optical fiber, wherein the optical cable does notinclude a tension member, and a groove is formed along the optical fiberin a surface of the sheath.
 10. An optical cable comprising a pluralityof the optical fibers according to claim 1, wherein the plurality ofoptical fibers are arranged in parallel and integrally covered withresin, and a loss increase during a mid-span access for wire splittingoperation is smaller than 0.5 dB/km/s at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
 11. Anoptical cable comprising: the optical fiber according to claim 1; and asheath covering the optical fiber that is helically coiled, wherein theradius of curvature of the optical fiber is equal to or smaller than 7.5mm.
 12. An optical cable comprising: plurality of the optical fibersaccording to claim 1; and a sheath covering the plurality of opticalfibers that are helically coiled, wherein the radius of curvature ofeach of the plurality of optical fibers is equal to or smaller than 7.5mm.
 13. An optical module storing the optical fiber according toclaim
 1. 14. An optical transmission system that transmits signal lightusing the optical cable according to claim
 5. 15. An opticaltransmission system that transmits signal light using the optical cableaccording to claim
 6. 16. An optical transmission system that transmitssignal light using the optical cable according to claim
 8. 17. Anoptical transmission system that transmits signal light using theoptical cable according to claim
 9. 18. An optical transmission systemthat transmits signal light using the optical cable according to claim10.
 19. An optical transmission system that transmits signal light usingthe optical cable according to claim
 11. 20. An optical transmissionsystem that transmits signal light using the optical cable according toclaim 12.